Áudio curto em inglês
Parallel structure: make your lists easy to follow
What is parallel structure in English?
Parallel structure means using matching grammatical forms for connected ideas, especially in lists. For example, 'The team can organise supplies and greet guests' uses plain verbs after 'can'. Match the pattern chosen by words such as 'enjoy', 'can', or 'want to', but do not change correct tenses just to make them look alike.
Pontos principais
- Parallel structure makes lists easier to follow.
- After 'enjoy', use -ing forms for activities.
- After 'can', use plain verbs without 'to'.
- Several verbs can share one 'to'.
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Em resumo
| Forma | Use para | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Things: noun phrases | Use matching things within one list. | Bring a folder, a pen, and a notebook. |
| After 'enjoy': -ing | Use -ing for each activity after 'enjoy'. | He enjoys cooking and gardening. |
| After 'can': plain verbs | Use plain verbs without 'to' or '-ing'. | We can sort papers and clean desks. |
| After 'want to': plain verbs | Several verbs can share the first 'to'. | They want to plan, practise, and perform. |
| After 'both': descriptions | Join two matching descriptions with 'and'. | The new room is both clean and welcoming. |
Etapa 1 de 5
Entender
O que significa, quando usar e quais erros evitar.
A explicação completa
Parallel structure means giving connected ideas a similar grammatical shape. In everyday terms, a list of things should sound like a list of things, and a list of actions should follow one action pattern.
The repair table needs tape, scissors, and a small lamp.
Por que funciona: All three items name things, although the final item is longer.
Mais 2 exemplos
-
Nora enjoys fixing chairs and painting shelves.
Both activities use the -ing form after enjoys.
-
We want to open early, welcome visitors, and explain the rules.
The three verbs share the first to.
Leia o guia completo
Decide which ideas belong in the same list
First decide what the speaker is grouping together. At a repair event, someone may name supplies, describe a room, or list jobs. These groups need different forms. Parallel structure means keeping the same pattern within a group. Start with the meaning: are all the items things, descriptions, or actions?
-
Please bring a brush, a cloth, and some soap.
Por que funciona: Each item names a supply. The words a and some can differ.
Sua vez
Which ending keeps this list as three things? Bring a box, a bag, and...
Resposta: a basket.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: a basket.
A basket names a thing, just like a box and a bag.
Use -ing for activities after enjoy
The word before a list helps you choose the pattern. After enjoy, an action takes the -ing form. Adding another activity does not change that condition. If you enjoy repairing something and also enjoy painting something, keep both activities in the -ing form. Their objects can be different.
-
Luis enjoys repairing clocks and building small tables.
Por que funciona: Repairing and building both follow enjoys; clocks and tables do not need to match.
Você pode praticar isso novamente em Colons: introduce lists and explanations e Do or make: everyday collocations.
Sua vez
Which sentence uses the correct pattern after enjoys?
Resposta: Maya enjoys sorting buttons and sewing bags.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: Maya enjoys sorting buttons and sewing bags.
Enjoys requires the -ing form for both activities.
Let to or can introduce several actions
A short word can introduce more than one action. In want to wash and dry, to belongs with both wash and dry. You can repeat it, but you do not have to. After can, use the plain verb without to or -ing. Listen back to the beginning to identify the pattern.
-
We want to wash the cups and dry them.
Por que funciona: Wash and dry share to.
-
You can move the chairs and sweep the floor.
Por que funciona: Can introduces both plain verbs.
Sua vez
Complete the sentence: You can check the lamp and...
Resposta: test the switch.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: test the switch.
Both check and test follow can, so neither takes to or -ing.
Match descriptions around both and
Matching patterns also help when you describe something. Both can introduce two descriptions joined by and. Place it before the first description so the pair is easy to recognize. If the room is quiet and comfortable, both descriptions have the same job. Avoid switching from a description to an unrelated action.
-
The waiting area is both bright and comfortable.
Por que funciona: Both introduces two words that describe the waiting area.
Sua vez
Which ending gives two matching descriptions? The instructions are both...
Resposta: clear and useful.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: clear and useful.
Clear and useful both describe the instructions; clarity names a quality.
Compare whole parts before correcting a sentence
Do not compare only the words touching and. A connected part may contain several words, or even a subject and a verb. Also, matching ideas do not always need identical tenses. Yesterday and tomorrow require different time forms. Correct an uneven activity list, but keep differences that communicate the intended time.
-
I cleaned the tools yesterday, and I will return them tomorrow.
Por que funciona: Each part has a subject and verb, but the times differ.
Sua vez
Why should the example keep cleaned and will return?
Resposta: The actions happen at different times.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: The actions happen at different times.
Yesterday supports cleaned, while tomorrow supports will return.
Use the first item to follow spoken lists
In speech, small words such as to and and may be quiet. The main action words are often easier to hear. Keep the opening phrase in memory while listening to the rest of the list. A matching pattern can help you predict a form, but replay the message to confirm the actual words.
-
We need to count the chairs, wipe the tables, and lock the door.
Por que funciona: The quiet to introduces count, wipe, and lock.
Sua vez
You hear “We need to count...” before a list. What should you do next?
Resposta: Listen for more verbs that can share to.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: Listen for more verbs that can share to.
The opening suggests a pattern, but the recording determines which words you write.
Check written lists, then recall the pattern
When writing a message, underline the items in each list. Read each one with the opening phrase to check that it fits. A colon can introduce a list too. After editing, cover the sentence and recall its pattern using new details. This tests whether you can build a fresh sentence rather than remember one example.
-
Please do three jobs: label the boxes, fold the cloths, and close the windows.
Por que funciona: Each instruction starts with a plain verb after the colon.
Sua vez
Which list fits after “My duties include”?
Resposta: welcoming visitors, checking tickets, and answering questions.
Mostrar a resposta
Resposta: welcoming visitors, checking tickets, and answering questions.
All three duties use activity forms ending in -ing, and each fits after include.
Erros comuns
Veja erros comuns, como corrigi-los e por que a correção funciona.
-
Evite esta forma:
Leah enjoys drawing maps and to write reports.Diga: Leah enjoys drawing maps and writing reports.
'Enjoys' requires the -ing form for both connected activities.
-
Evite esta forma:
You can check the list and checking the shelves.Diga: You can check the list and check the shelves.
Both verbs follow 'can', so both use the plain form.
-
Evite esta forma:
The office is both quiet and welcomingly.Diga: The office is both quiet and welcoming.
'Both' introduces two matching descriptions, so use adjectives in both positions.
Como usar na conversa
Como as pessoas realmente usam “Parallel structure”
Neutro Bom em quase qualquer lugar, no trabalho ou com amigos.
Palavras com as quais geralmente combina
- use parallel structureYou can use parallel structure to make your lists clear.
- check for parallel structureRead your list aloud and check for parallel structure.
- maintain parallel structureKeep the same verb form to maintain parallel structure.
Perguntas sobre "Parallel structure: make your lists easy to follow"
Do I need to repeat to before every verb in a list?
No. When several verbs belong to the same opening phrase, they can share to. Repeating to is also correct and can make separate actions more noticeable. Keep each verb in the plain form in either pattern.
I hope to visit the market and buy some bread.
I hope to visit the market and to buy some bread.
Can one item in a list be much longer than the others?
Yes. Match the grammatical job and form, not the number of words. One action may include extra information about a person or place. Check that every activity still fits the words introducing the list.
She enjoys swimming, cycling, and walking with her sister after work.
Does a verb after and always need an -ing ending?
No. And connects ideas but does not choose their verb form. Look at the words introducing the actions. Enjoy takes -ing activity forms, while can takes plain verbs without to.
They enjoy singing and dancing.
They can sing and dance.
What should I do when I cannot hear to or and clearly?
Listen again to the whole phrase, including its opening words. Small words may be quieter than the action words. Use the pattern to check a possible answer, but do not add a repeated to unless you hear it.
We decided to stop, rest, and drink some water.
Antes de ir
Lembre-se disto
Find the connected ideas, check the opening phrase, and keep the appropriate pattern. During dictation, use grammar to check what you heard. During writing, try each list item with the same opening words.
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